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2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题
Directions: Section I Use of English Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It’s not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, 1 , to understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted. Travel on a London bus and you’ll 3 see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And People who run for the bus? They are 5 . How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists. Why? Because the target is 6 . People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 7 , the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they 9 hit cyclists. If the target was changed to 10 , you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time. There is another 12 : people become immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight. The 15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others. Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a 17 . Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences. This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective. 1. [A] therefore [B] again [C] moreover [D] however 2. [A] Identify [B] Assess [C] Emphasize [D] Explain 3. [A] curiously [B] quickly [C] eagerly [D] nearly 4. [A] check [B] prove [C] recall [D] claim 5. [A] threatened [B] mocked [C] ignored [D] blamed 6. [A] hospitality [B] competition [C] punctuality [D] innovation 7. [A] Yet [B] Besides [C] Still [D] So 8. [A] rewarded [B] trained [C] grouped [D] hired 9. [A] rather [B] also [C] once [D] only 10. [A] comfort [B] efficiency [C] security [D] revenue 11. [A] cautious [B] quiet [C] diligent [D] friendly 12. [A] purpose [B] prejudice [C] policy [D] problem 13. [A] revealed [B] noticed [C] admitted [D] reported 14. [A] break [B] departure [C] transfer [D] trip 15. [A] form [B] background [C] style [D] moral 16. [A] sacrifice [B] criticize [C] tolerate [D] interpret 17. [A] secret [B] cost [C] product [D] task 18. [A] relating to [B] calling for [C] accounting for [D] leading to 19. [A] predict [B] restore [C] specify [D] create 20. [A] review [B] achieve [C] present [D] modify
Section II Reading Comprehension
Directions:Part A Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
“Reskilling” is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future in which a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind. We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on average 42 per cent of the “core skills” within job roles will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one. For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whose skills are. That does not always happen. AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company that decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy. Other companies had also pledged to create their own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy though, the focus usually turns to government to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers, even at times and in regions where unemployment is high. With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In February, at 3.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere. As of May, those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent, and although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical field, to take an obvious example, the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel. Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in a few weeks. But even if you cannot close that gap, maybe you can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned. That seems to be the case in Sweden: When forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabin staff, Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a short retraining program that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff. The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish University. 21. Research by the World Economic Forum suggests _________. [A] an urgent demand for new job skills [B] an increase in full-time employment [C] a steady growth of job opportunities [D] a controversy about the “core skills” 22. AT&T is cited to show _________. [A] the characteristics of reskilling programs [B] the importance of staff appraisal standards [C] an immediate need for government support [D] an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy 23. Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada _________. [A] have appeared to be insufficient [B] have driven up labour costs [C] have proved to be inconsistent [D] have met with fierce opposition 24. We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was _________. [A] a sign of economic recovery [B] a call for policy adjustment [C] a change in hiring practices [D] a lack of medical workers 25. Scandinavian Airlines decided to _________. [A] create jobs vacancies for the unemployed [B] retrain their cabin staff for better services [C] prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs [D] finance their staff’s college education Text 2 Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food. The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats, down from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s. A move back to self-sufficiency, the argument goes, would boost the farming industry, political sovereignty and even the nation’s health. Sounds great—but how feasible is this vision? According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds, UK, 85 per cent of the country’s total land area is associated with meat and dairy production. That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed, so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldn’t allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs. There are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave. To become much more self-sufficient, the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods, and probably also farm more intensively—meaning fewer green fields, and more factory-style production. But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn’t help. There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain doesn’t have the right soil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis. Just 25 per cent of the county’s land is suitable for crop-growing, most of which is already occupied by arable fields. Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and veg—which would involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their homes—we would achieve only a 30 per cent boost in crop production. Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown, so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per cent of our fresh produce needs. That is before we look for the space to grow the grains, sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake. 26. Some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the UK would __________. [A] be hindered by its population growth [B] become a priority of the government [C] pose a challenge to its farming industry [D] contribute to the nation’s well-being 27. The report by the University of Leeds shows that in the UK _________. [A] farmland has been inefficiently utilized [B] factory-style production needs reforming [C] most land is used for meat and dairy production [D] more green fields will be converted for farming 28. Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to _________. [A] its farming technology [B] its dietary tradition [C] its natural conditions [D] its commercial interests 29. It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people _________. [A] rely largely on imports for fresh produce [B] enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumption [C] are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intake [D] are trying to grow new varieties of grains 30. The author’s attitude to food self-sufficient in the UK is _________. [A] defensive [B] doubtful [C] tolerant [D] optimistic ...... Part B Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should 1) interpret the chart, and 2) give your comments. You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) 
2021年考研英语（二）试题解析
1.【答案】DSection I Use of English 【解析】逻辑关系题。前一句提到“为员工设定目标并不难”，与后一句“much harder”语义相反，是转折关系，故选however。A项therefore（因此）、B项again（又，再；此外）和C项moreover（此外）均不符合此处逻辑。 2.【答案】C 【解析】前一句指出：大多数与工作相关的行为都涉及多个因素；空格所在句指出：其中一个，其他因素就会被扭曲。这两句解释说明设立目标为什么会有负面后果。C项Emphasize意为“强调，重视”，A项Identify意为“确定，识别”，B项Assess意为“评估，评定”，D项Explain意为“解释，说明”。四个选项中能与distorted形成对比的是Emphasize,体现出设立目标会让人顾此失彼。此外，第二、三段所举的例子以及第16空所在句Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others中的Choose一词也可印证C项为答案。 3.【答案】B 【解析】副词辨析题。在伦敦乘坐公交车，你很快就会发现这一理论在公交车司机身上的表现。根据语义应选择“quickly”表示自然而然就能快速得出结果，因此答案为B项。其他选项中A项curiously（好奇地），C项eagerly（急切地），D项nearly（几乎），均不符合题意。 4.【答案】A 【解析】第二段连用5个设问句描述有关公共汽车司机的行为，空格所在句提出一个问题:有检票员人们是否已经付款了吗？根据句中inspectors（检票员）的工作职责可判断，检票员负责检查人们有没有付钱购买有效票据，故填入A项check（检查，核对）。此外，check还与上文Are they carefully inspected中的inspected形成同义复现。D项claim（宣称；要求；索赔）、B项prove（证明，证实）和C项recall（召回；回想起）均不符合文意。 5.【答案】C 【解析】动词辨析题。前文说检票员很少检查人们是否交钱，所以后文提到“跑着去赶车的人”会被忽视，A项threatened意为“（受到）威胁”，C项ignored意为“（被）忽视”，B项mocked意为“（被）嘲笑”，D项blamed意为“（被）指责”。结合下一段可知，这里说司机为了实现自身目标（hit their targets），没有顾及那些跑着追公共汽车的人，因此ignored符合语境，C项为答案。其余选项均与此处句意不符。 6.【答案】C 【解析】名词辨析题。后面说到“人们抱怨公交车总是晚点或班次少”，因此可以反推前一句表达的是“目标是守时”，hospitality（殷勤好客），competition（竞争比赛），innovation（创新），均不符合题意，故选“punctuality”。 7.【答案】D 【解析】上一句提到：过去人们抱怨公共汽车晚点、班次少；空格所在句提到：公共汽车和公共汽车专用道的数量增加了，对司机也有相应的措施。显然，这是人们抱怨的结果，即空格所在句是前一句的结果，故D项So（因此，所以）符合此处逻辑，为答案。A项Yet（然而）和C项Still（但，不过）表示转折，B项Besides（此外）表示递进，这三项均与此处逻辑不符。 8.【答案】A 【解析】动词辨析题。原文中or表示“或者”，可连接前后两个相对的事物，所以与punished（惩罚）相对的应该是奖励，trained（训练），grouped（组团），hired（雇佣），均不符合题意，故选“rewarded”。 9.【答案】B 【解析】副词辨析题。前一句“公交车司机们达到了这些目标”，后文but转折提到会撞到骑自行车的人，说明可能会同时造成两个结果。D项only意为“只，仅仅”，A项rather意为“有点儿，稍微”，C项once意为“曾经；一次”，B项also意为“也，还”。空格处在句中起补充追加的作用，为hit的再次出现作铺垫，因此B项为答案，其他选项均不能使句意通顺。 10.【答案】D 【解析】名词辨析题。空格所在句出现了target，本段首句提到了“公交车司机的目标是守时”，空格后提到：就会有更多的查票员和更灵活的定价。根据常识，查票员能降低乘客逃票率以避免经济损失，灵活定价能提高收益，可知现在假设的目标（target）与钱有关，只有D项与钱有关，故D项正确。代入其他选项，均不符合语义。故排除以上三项。 11.【答案】A 【解析】形容词辨析题。被修饰的名词是driver（司机），同时根据上半句提到的“safety”，所以是小心谨慎的司机，quiet（安静的），diligent（勤劳的），friendly（友好的），均不符合题意，故选“cautious”。 12.【答案】D 【解析】名词辨析题。空格所在句提到：还有一个_____人们在达成目标方面非常有创造力。another一词表明上文已经阐述过，这里又提出另一个，而且冒号后面是对这一事物的具体说明。A项purpose意为“目的，用途”，D项problem意为“问题；难题”，B项prejudice意为“偏见，成见”，C项policy意为“政策”。显然，上文阐述的是设立目标有负面后果这一“问题”，而且“人们在达成目标方面非常有创造力”属于另一个“问题”，因此problem恰当，D项为答案。其余选项均不符合句意。 13.【答案】B 【解析】空格所在句提到：你有没有______，你乘坐的航班晚一个小时起飞，却仍能准时到达？A项revealed意为“显示，透露”，B项noticed意为“留意，注意到”，C项admitted意为“承认”，D项reported意为“报道；报告”。只有noticed可以使句意通顺，因此B项为答案。其余选项均不符合文意。 14.【答案】D 【解析】名词辨析题。空格前几句提到航班可能在晚一个小时起飞的情况下仍能按时到达，不是因为顺风。空格所在句给出了真正的原因：航空公司只是修改了时间。结合下文提到的“一个小时的航程现在被宣传为需要花费两个小时”，可知航程原本只需花费一小时，只是航空公司在宣传时修改了航程所需的时间而已，因此空格处应该填“航程”，但无此选项。D项“行程”是“航程”的上义词，可以指代“航程”，故D项正确。A项、B项和C项均不符合语境。故排除以上三项。 15.【答案】D 【解析】名词辨析题。空格所在句提到：这个故事的_____很简单。显然，这是本段的主旨句，接下来的几句围绕这一句展开论述。由接下来的几句，尤其是本段最后一句“设立目标可以而且确实会产生不可预见的负面后果”可以看出，这是从上文故事中得到的启发，也就是“寓意”，因此D项moral（寓意）为答案。B项background（背景）、C项style（方式；风格）和A项form（形式，方式）都不符合语境。 16.【答案】A 【解析】动词辨析题：上文提到大多数的工作都是有很多标准的，但是选择了一个那么就要去_____其余的，因此根据语义需选择放弃或牺牲，criticize（批评），tolerate（容忍），interpret（解释），均不符合题意，故选sacrifice（牺牲）。 17.【答案】B 【解析】名词辨析题。前一句说所有事都可以做得很快，本句but转折，因此本句语义是负向。D项task意为“任务，工作”，A项secret意为“秘密；秘诀；奥秘”，C项product意为“产品，产物”，B项cost意为“代价，成本”。cost与上一句的sacrifice“牺牲”以及下一句的negative consequences“负面后果”对应，因此B项符合上下文语义，为答案。 18.【答案】A 【解析】固定搭配。空格前意为“所有好的目标都应该有多个标准”，空格后的内容表示“时间、金钱、质量和客户反馈等关键因素”，结合上文提到的公交司机的例子可知，如果对司机设定不同的目标，那么司机就会在time, money, quality and customer feedback等方面有不同的表现。由此可知，关键因素都与多个标准息息相关，故A项正确。D项leading to意为“导致”，B项calling for意为“要求，呼吁”，A项relating to意为“与……相关”，C项accounting for意为“解释”。显然只有A项符合逻辑,即标准与关键因素相关,其余选项代入后均语义不通。 19.【答案】C 【解析】动词辨析。本题的解题关键是not only...but also...结构，此结构中but also后接的内容通常是not only后所接内容的递进。Not only后强调的是______目标的维度，but also后强调的是帮助人们更好地______目标，两个动词应该在逻辑上形成递进关系。在选择本题答案时可以综合考虑第19题与第20题。在可选项中，只有C项“具体说明，详述”与“目标的维度”匹配，成为实现目标的前提，故C项正确。A项predict“预测，预言”、B项restore“恢复；修复”和D项create“创造”均不能与dimensions构成合理的动宾搭配。 20.【答案】B 【解析】动词辨析题。空格所在句前提到：还在于明白如何帮助人们更好地______目标。根据help和better，可知空格处要填表示积极意义和正向结果的词。B项代入空格后表示“帮助人们更好地实现目标”，符合逻辑和正向的感情色彩，也与文章的思路相符，本段首句提到作者不是在反对设定目标，而是支持先去研究目标会带来的影响。我们知道，只有了解了影响，才能设定好的目标，才能更好的实现目标。故B项正确。A项review“检查，回顾”、C项present“介绍；呈现”、D项modify“改变，更改”代入空格后不符合逻辑。故排除以上三项。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
21.【答案】A Part A Text 1 【解析】细节题。根据题干定位词World Economic Forum定位到原文第一段倒数第二句话：Research by the World Economic Fortune finds that on average 42 percent of the “core skills” within job roles will change by 2022，表明工作角色中的42%的核心能力会在2022年有所改变，因此选项“an urgent demand for new job skills（对新的工作技能的迫切需求）”与原文同义替换。 22.【答案】D 【解析】细节题。根据题干AT&T定位到原文第二段第四句：AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company that decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy，表明AT&T通常被视为公司的黄金标准，该公司决定实施大规模的再培训计划，而不是采取解雇和聘用战略，可知an alternative to the fire-hire strategy是解雇&雇佣政策的另一种选择。 23.【答案】A 【解析】细节题。根据题干可定位到第二段最后一句话：Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers，加拿大及其他地区的努力是缓慢的，在失业率高的地区会经常听到雇主抱怨招不到工人，因此可知在解决技能不匹配的问题上加拿大的努力是不够的，故选A项 have appeared to be insufficient。 24.【答案】D 【解析】段落推断题。根据题干信息Paragraph 3可定位到文章第三段，段落末句In the medical field, to take an obvious example, the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel句意为：在医疗领域，举一个明显的例子，医生，护士和其他医务人员的短缺仍然明显，故选D项a lack of medical workers。 25.【答案】C 【解析】根据题干Scandinavian Airlines定位到最后一段倒数第二句话：Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a short retraining program that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff，表明Scandinavian航空公司决定启动一个短期的再培训计划，重新培训被解雇的员工，故C项“prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs（为解雇的员工提供其他工作）”是原文的同义替换。
Text 2
26.【答案】D 【解析】细节推断题。根据题干定位词self-sufficient定位到原文第二段末句：A move back to self-sufficiency, ... , would boost the farming industry, political sovereignty and even the nation’s health.”D项nation’s well-being为定位句的归纳总结。 27.【答案】C 【解析】细节题。根据题干report by the University of Leeds回文定位到第三段：“85 percent of the country’s total land area is associated with meat and dairy production”即“全国总土地面积的85%与肉类和乳制品生产有关”，C项是本句的同义替换。 28.【答案】C 【解析】细节推断题。根据题干中的crop-growing定位到第五段中“Just 25 percent of the country’s land is suitable for crop-growing...”，全国只有25%的土地适合种植农作物，因此不难发现英国农作物发展受限的原因是因为其适合种植的土地占比很少，属于自然环境原因，C为正确答案。 29.【答案】A 【解析】推断题。根据题干定位到末段，文中“英国人食用的23%的果蔬是本土产出的，但尽管我们用尽所有的方法，我们只能满足我们30%新鲜农产品需求”，可以得知英国人的果蔬需求不能仅仅依靠国内提供，大部分要依赖于进口，因此A为正确答案。 30.【答案】B 【解析】情感态度题。定位到末段，该段提到，英国仅有23%的水果和蔬菜是本土种植的，因此即使采取最极端的措施，我们也只能满足30%的新鲜农产品需求。因此作者对英国能够实现自给自足是负向的，故选“doubtful”怀疑的。 ...... Part B It goes without saying that the chart records a survey on the ways of exercise among citizens in a certain city. As is clearly reflected by the chart, doing exercise alone occupies a percentage of 54.3%, which is followed by 47.7%, 23.9% and 5.8% of exercising with friends, families and groups. Obviously, the inclinations, clearly reflected by the chart, should be given more consideration. Theoretically, several reasons may trigger this trend, but for my part, the following two are of utmost importance. On the top of the list is that with the promotion of individuals’ awareness of keeping healthy, people are more likely to attach importance to physical health by doing some outdoor exercise in the daily life. In addition, there is the other point that no one can ignore. It is a widely accepted wisdom that owing to increasing pressure in the busy life, numerous individuals are inclined to arrange their exercise according to their own time, which makes it impossible to make an appointment with friends or join a group to do physical exercise. According to the analysis above, the increasing trend is bound to continue for some time in the future. And it is predictable that physical exercise will undoubtedly be prevalent in the years ahead. 历年试题及答案解析内容较多，由于篇幅限制，完整内容请关注【华图考研】微信公众号，回复【历年试题】获取。 (责任编辑：迟) |
