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2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It 1 in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age. But 3 aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be. One study found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6 this type of decline. The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people 9 higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years 11 . For women, the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be 13 . It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women. 16 , there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental 18 . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods. 1. [A] pauses [B] returns [C] peaks [D] fades 2. [A] alternatively [B] formally [C] accidentally [D] generally 3. [A] while [B] since [C] once [D] until 4. [A] detection [B] accumulation [C] consumption [D] separation 5. [A] possibility [B] decision [C] goal [D] requirement 6. [A] delay [B] ensure [C] seek [D] utilize 7. [A] modified [B] supported [C] included [D] predicted 8. [A] devoted [B] compared [C] converted [D] applied 9. [A] with [B] above [C] by [D] against 10. [A] lived [B] managed [C] scored [D] played 11. [A] ran out [B] set off [C] drew in [D] went by 12. [A] superior [B] attributable [C] parallel [D] resistant 13. [A] restored [B] isolated [C] involved [D] controlled 14. [A] alter [B] spread [C] remove [D] explain 15. [A] compensations [B] symptoms [C] demands [D] treatments 16. [A] Likewise [B] Meanwhile [C] Therefore [D] Instead 17. [A] change [B] watch [C] count [D] take 18. [A] well-being [B] process [C] formation [D] coordination 19. [A] level [B] love [C] knowledge [D] space 20. [A] design [B] routine [C] diet [D] prescription
Section II Reading Comprehension
Directions:Part A Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
How can Britain's train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North. However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered. The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, interrupted by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order. 21. The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passenger fares [A] has kept pace with inflation. [B] is a big surprise to commuters. [C] remains an unreasonable measure. [D] will ease train operation’s burden. 22. The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for [A] car drivers. [B] rail travelers. [C] local investors. [D] ordinary taxpayers. 23. It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators [A] are offering compensation to commuters. [B] are trying to repair relations with the unions. [C] have failed to provide an adequate service. [D] have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes. 24. If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face [A] the loss of investment. [B] the collapse of operations. [C] a reduction of revenue. [D] a change of ownership. 25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? [A] Who Are to Blame for the Strikes? [B] Constant Complaining Doesn’t Work [C] Can Nationalisation Bring Hope? [D] Ever-rising Fares Aren’t Sustainable
Text 2
Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children. But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University. That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says. Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates. Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces. “We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says. That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests. Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment. Even if this program didn’t reduce poverty, Ferraro says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.” 26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to [A] facilitate healthcare reform. [B] help poor families get better off. [C] improve local education systems. [D] lower deforestation rates. 27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that [A] cattle raising has been a major means of livelihood for the poor. [B] CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles. [C] antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers. [D] economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation. 28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out [A] its acceptance level of CCTs. [B] its annual rate of poverty alleviation. [C] the relation of CCTs to its forest loss. [D] the role of its forests in climate change. 29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that [A] it will benefit other Asian countries. [B] it will reduce regional inequality. [C] it can protect the environment. [D] it can boost grain production. 30. What is the text centered on? [A] The effects of a program. [B] The debates over a program. [C] The process of a study. [D] The transferability of a study. ......
Part B
52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below. In your essay, you should 1) describe the picture briefly, 2) interpret its intended meaning, and 3) give your comments. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points) 
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 答案详解
1.【答案】[C]Section I Use of English 【解析】空格所在句的意思为“它在青年时期______，稳定一段时间后，随着我们年龄的增长 2 开始缓慢衰退。”此处考查动词词义辨析。it指代上句提到的“流体智力”，空格所在句描述的是流体智力随着年龄增长的变化情况，根据levels out（趋于稳定）与slowly decline（缓慢衰退）可反推，流体智力在青年时期会达到顶峰，[C]项peaks（达到巅峰）符合句意。[A]项pauses（暂停）、[B]项returns（恢复）和[D]项fades（褪色；逐渐消逝）均不符合句意。 2.【答案】[D] 【解析】空格所在句的意思为“它在青年时期达到顶峰，稳定一段时间后，随着我们年龄的增长______开始缓慢衰退。”此处考查副词词义辨析及上下文语境。联系上下文，流体智力在青年时期达到顶峰，稳定一段时间后，随着我们年龄增长而开始缓慢衰退。这是人们大体要经历的过程，所以[D]项generally（普遍地）符合句意。[A]项alternatively（二者择一地）、[B]项formally（正式地）和[C]项accidentally（意外地）均不符合句意。 3.【答案】[A] 【解析】空格所在句的意思为“但是______衰老不可避免，科学家发现脑功能的一些变化或许并非不可避免。”此处考查句间逻辑关系和连词辨析。aging is inevitable（衰老不可避免）和certain changes in brain function may not be（脑功能的一些变化或许并非如此）形成了强烈的对比，所以答案为[A]项while（虽然，尽管）。[B]项since（既然，因为；自……以来）表示原因或时间，[C]项once（—旦）表示条件或时间，[D]项until（直到）表示时间，这三个选项均不符合此处的逻辑关系。 4.【答案】[B] 【解析】空格所在句的意思为“一项研究发现，肌肉减少和腹部体脂______与流体智力衰退有关。”and连接并列名词结构，根据常识，体脂堆积是不健康的象征，与肌肉减少相对应，所以[B]项accumulation（累积）符合句意。[A]项detection（探测）、[C]项consumption（消耗）和[D]项separation（分开）均不符合句意。 5.【答案】[A] 【解析】空格所在句的意思为“这表明一种_____，即生活方式因素可能有助于预防或 6 这种智力类型的衰退。”将[A]项possibility（可能性）、[B]项decision（决定）、[C]项goal（目标）和[D]项requirement（要求）逐一代入文中，只有[A]项与后面that引导的同位语从句中的might相匹配，所以[A]项为答案。 6.【答案】[A] 【解析】空格所在句的意思为“这表明一种可能性，即生活方式因素可能有助于预防或______这种智力类型的衰退”。or连接并列结构，or前面为prevent（预防），可与其在语义上并列的只有delay（推迟，延迟），所以[A]项正确。[B]项ensure（确保）、[C]项seek（寻求）和[D]项utilize（利用）均不符合句意。 7.【答案】[C] 【解析】空格所在句的意思为“研究人员研究了______4 000多名中老年男性和女性的精痩肌肉和腹部脂肪的测量结果的数据。”that引导的定语从句修饰data。此处考查动词辨析，四个选项中，只有[C]项included（包含，包括）符合句意。[A]项modified（修改）、[B]项supported（支持）和[D]项predicted（预测）均不符合句意。 8.【答案】[B] 【解析】空格所在句的意思为“研究人员研究了……数据，并且将这些数据与6年内报告的流体智力变化______。”下句提到研究人员的发现（They found that...），根据上下文推断，研究人员研究4 000多名中老年男性和女性的精痩肌肉和腹部脂肪数据，并将数据与报告的流体智力变化进行比较后才有了发现，所以[B]项compared（比较）符合语境。[A]项devoted（献身）、[C]项converted（转化）和[D]项applied（应用）都不符合句意。 9.【答案】[A] 【解析】空格所在句的意思为“他们发现，中年人_____腹部脂肪测量值较高……。”分析句子结构可知，______ higher measures of abdominal fat是people的后置定语，说明people“拥有、具备”什么特质，所以[A]项with正确，代入后该部分意为“腹部脂肪测量值较高的中年人”。[B]项above（在……之上）、[C]项by（由；经过）和[D]项against（反对，违反）均不符合句意。 10.【答案】[C] 【解析】空格所在句的意思为“他们发现，腹部脂肪测量值较高的中年人在流体智力测试上______较差。”此题考查动词辨析，只有[C]项scored（得分）可使句意通顺。[A]项lived（居住；度过）、[B]项managed（管理）和[D]项played（玩耍）均不符合句意。 11.【答案】[D] 【解析】空格所在句的意思为“他们发现，随着岁月______，腹部脂肪测量值较高的中年人在流体智力测试上得分较差。”此题考查动词词组辨析。[A]项ran out意为“耗尽”，[B]项set off意为“出发”，[C]项dew in意为“引用”，[D]项went by意为“（时间）流逝”。只有[D]项可与middle-aged people在语义上形成合理照应，故为答案，as the years went by指“随着岁月流逝”。 12.【答案】[B] 【解析】空格所在句的意思为“对于女性来说，这种关联可能______腹部脂肪过多导致的免疫力变化。”将[A]项superior (to)（优越于）、[B]项attributable (to)（归因于）、[C]项parallel (to)（平行的，类似的）和[D]项resistant (to)（对……有抵抗力的）逐一代入文中，只有[B]项符合句意。 13.【答案】[C] 【解析】空格所在句的意思为“对于男性而言，免疫系统似乎没有______。”下句中的these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women提到了男女之间的差异，而上句提到女性免疫力的变化，综合上下文可知，男女免疫系统的反应不同，所以男性的免疫系统似乎没有被涉及，[C]项involved（涉及）符合句意。[A]项restored（修复）、[B]项isolated（孤立）和[D]项controlled（控制）都不符合句意。 14.【答案】[D] 【解析】空格所在句的意思为“希望未来的研究能够_____这些差异。”根据上下文，男女免疫系统反应存在差异，[D]explain（解释）代入后句意为“希望未来的研究能够解释这些差异”，语义衔接顺畅，所以[D]项正确。[A]项alter（改变）、[B]项spread（传播）和[C]项remove（移除）均不符合句意。 15.【答案】[D] 【解析】空格所在句的意思为“希望未来的研究能够解释这些差异，并可能为男性和女性带来不同的______。”因为男女免疫系统反应存在差异，所以要采取不同的治疗方案，[D]项treatments（治疗；处理）符合句意。[A]项compensations（补偿）、[B]项symptoms（症状）和[C]项demands（需求）均不符合句意。 16.【答案】[B] 【解析】空格所在句意思为“______随着年龄的增长，你可以 17 —些措施来帮助减少腹部脂肪并保持精痩肌肉量。”上段提到希望未来的研究针对男女差异找到不同的治疗方案，空格所在句提到有一些措施可以帮助减少腹部脂肪并保持精痩肌肉量，上下文是顺承关系，所以答案为[B]项Meanwhile（与此同时）。[A]项Likewise意为“同样地，也”，前后内容并无相似之处。[C]项Therefore（因此）表示因果，[D]项Instead（反而）表示转折，这两项与上下文逻辑不符。 17.【答案】[D] 【解析】空格所在句意思为“与此同时，随着年龄的增长，你可以______一些措施来帮助减少腹部脂肪并保持精痩肌肉量。”you can...是省略引导词that的定语从句，修饰steps，that在定语从句中作宾语，指代steps。take steps to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“采取措施做某事”，故[D]项take符合句意。[A]项change（改变）、[B]项watch（观察）和[C]项count（计算总数）都不符合句意。 18.【答案】[A] 【解析】空格所在句意思为“与此同时，随着年龄的增长，你可以采取一些措施来帮助减少腹部脂肪并保持精痩肌肉量，以保护你的身心_______。”[A]项well-being意为“幸福，健康，安康”，[B]项process意为“过程”，[C]项formation意为“形成”，[D]项coordination意为“协调”。只有[A]项well-being可与physical and mental构成合理搭配，表示“身心健康”，故[A]项为答案。 19.【答案】[A] 【解析】空格所在句意思为“强烈推荐的两种生活方式是：保持或提高有氧运动_____。”[A]项level意为“水平”，[B]项love意为“热爱”，[C]项knowledge意为“知识”，[D]项space意为“空间”。空格所在句在具体阐述减少腹部脂肪并保持精痩肌肉量的措施，结合选项，第一条措施应是“保持或提高有氧运动水平”所以[A]项为答案。[B]、[C]、[D]三项均不符合句意。 20.【答案】[C] 【解析】空格所在句意思为“强烈推荐的两种生活方式是：保持或提高有氧运动水平；遵循地中海式_____，即摄入高纤维食品，杜绝深加工食品。”[A]项design意为“设计”，[B]项routine意为“惯例”，[C]项diet意为“饮食”，[D]项prescription意为“药方”。that引导的定语从句修饰空格所填词，根据定语从句内容“摄入高纤维食品，杜绝深加工食品”可判断，这里描述的是一种饮食习惯，所以[C]项为答案。
Section II Reading Comprehension
21.【答案】[C]Part A Text 1 【解析】根据题干信息this year's increase和rail passengers fares定位至原文第一段第一句 How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?（铁路运营商如何能证明又一轮的铁路客运票价上涨是正当的？），该问句表明作者质疑铁路客运票价上涨的合理性。下文还提到“涨价已经成为可怕的年度惯例”“今年的平均涨幅仍然远高于官方的消费者物价指数所反映的通货膨胀率”。综上可知，[C]项为答案，是对原文的“概括性”论述。 22.【答案】[B] 【解析】根据题干关键词stockbroker定位至原文第二段第二句Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey?（这种观点认为，为什么林肯郡一位开车的领养老金人员应该补贴萨里郡一位股票经纪人的日常通勤？）。根据the argument goes判断，第二句和第一句有关，答案要结合第一句。第一句提到“历届政府都允许这样的票价上涨，理由是铁路的投资和运营成本应该由使用铁路网的人（those who use it）来承担，而不是由全体纳税人（the general taxpayer）来承担。”第二句以问句解释了理由：为什么开车的领养老金人员（car-driving pensioner）要补贴股票经纪人（stockbroker）的日常通勤？由此可见，stockbroker是对第一句中those who use it（使用铁路网的人）的举例说明，代表的是rail travelers（铁路旅客），故[B]项为答案。 23.【答案】[C] 【解析】根据题干关键词Paragraph 3与train operators定位至原文第三段第二句It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.（铁路运营商宣扬他们正在对铁路网做出诸多改进，这无可非议，但乘客如今既已为出行支付了大笔费用，他们理应能够要求基本水平的服务）。根据but后面的should be able to expect可推断，铁路运营商并没有给乘客提供基本水平的服务，故[C]项为答案。 24.【答案】[D] 【解析】根据题干信息unable to calm down passengers和the railways定位到原文最后一段最后一句 The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order（目前，国有化的威胁也许暂时可以避免，但是如果乘客的合理愤怒不能被迅速解决，这种威胁会更加猛烈地卷土重来）。由此可知，如果铁路公司不能安抚好乘客，将面临国有化的威胁，也就是[D]项所说的所有权变更，故答案为[D]项。 25.【答案】[D] 【解析】本题考查全文主旨，需要考虑各段涉及的中心话题。本文第一段首句以问句引出话题，暗指票价再次上涨不合理；第二段首句提到such increases，复现主题词“票价上涨”；第三、四段虽在开头讲到strikes（罢工），但主要还是围绕“费用上涨，乘客却没有得到应有服务”以及“如果铁路继续涨价，乘客的愤怒得不到平息，将会导致国有化”进行论述。综合全文，文章从开始到结束都是围绕fares（票价）讨论，故[D]项为答案，是对全文的合理概括。
Text 2
26.【答案】[B]【解析】根据题干信息the first two paragraphs、CCT programs与aim to定位至原文第二段第二句 Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty（这些被称为有条件现金转移/CCTs的社会援助项目旨在减少不平等，打破贫穷循环）。该句中的are designed to对应题干中的aim to，故reduce inequality and beak the cycle of poverty即为本题所问，由此可知答案选[B]项，该项是对原文的“同义替换”。 27.【答案】[D] 【解析】根据题干信息the study based on an area in Mexico定位至原文第四段第三句The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view，该句提到基于墨西哥某个地区的研究支持了传统观点，而“传统观点”就是本段首句所提及的 economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty（经济增长可能与环境恶化有关，而环境保护有时与更严重的贫困有关）。[D]项是对economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation的“同义替换”，故正确。 28.【答案】[C] 【解析】根据题干信息study about Indonesia和Ferraro定位到原文第五段第二句Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation（费拉罗想弄清楚印度尼西亚的扶贫项目是否正在影响森林砍伐）。该句中的wanted to see对应题干中的intends to find out，由此可知答案为[C]项，该项中的CCTs对应文中的Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program，该项中的forest loss同义替换文中的deforestation。 29.【答案】[C] 【解析】根据题干信息Ferraro、the CCT program in Indonesia以及valuable定位至原文最后一段最后一句 Ferraro says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”（费拉罗说，“仅就减少二氧化碳排放而言，避免森林砍伐的价值就超过了该项目的成本。”）。由此看出，费拉罗认为该项目的价值在于避免了森林砍伐，从而减少了二氧化碳排放，也就是保护了环境，故答案为[C]项。 30.【答案】[A] 【解析】本题考查文章的主旨。文章首段用Indonesia的例子引入主题“扶贫项目 (antipoverty program)”；第二段介绍该项目的意图；第三、四段讲述项目可能的负面影响；第五段指出该项目不一定会对环境有负面影响；第六、七段用具体事实证明该项目对环境有利并解释背后的原因；第八段总结指出，该项目有助于避免森林砍伐，从而减少二氧化碳排放，保护环境。综合而言，文章主要讨论扶贫项目的影响，故[A]项为答案。 ......
Part B
【参考范文】As is vividly described in the cartoon, a girl, faced with a bulletin board, is commenting, “This lecture is not related to our major and it is worthless to listen to it.” However, the other student says, “It's absolutely useful to learn something.” Undoubtedly, this picture displays two different learning attitudes in college life. As we all know, learning is a non-stop process. Nevertheless, in reality, many young people are reluctant to acquire knowledge or skills beyond their own majors. There is even a small group of people who are somewhat utilitarian about learning. It cannot be denied that this short-sighted behavior will hinder the growth and personal development of young people. In fact, it is of great necessity to gain various experience and knowledge. Whether such knowledge is closely related to youngsters’ major or not, it will eventually become personal accumulation in the pursuit of learning. It is difficult for those who refuse to learn new knowledge to make rapid progress on the road of growth. From the previous discussion, we can safely come to the conclusion that the attitude of learning means a lot to both personal growth and overall development. The young should enhance their awareness of mastering as much knowledge as possible, and should know that it is their knowledge and ability that will really make the difference in the long run. 历年试题及答案解析内容较多，由于篇幅限制，完整内容请关注【华图考研】微信公众号，回复【历年试题】获取。 (责任编辑：迟) |
